Quran Translation: American Muslim Woman Presents New Translation of “Beat Them (Lightly)” Verse
This article is reprinted from Publishers Weekly Religion BookLine, April 18, 2007
“Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Quran”
By Andrea Useem
What does it mean to beat someone “lightly?” Muslims have debated this question over the centuries while interpreting a verse in the Qur’an where God instructs Muslim men, if they fear “disobedience” from their wives, to take several steps: admonish them, sleep separately from them, and then-here’s the point of controversy. Until now most Muslims have understood the final command, idribuhun, to mean “beat them lightly.” Scholars have given this phrase a range of meanings, some as innocuous as tapping a wife with a wet noodle, others as ominous as hitting them without leaving a mark.
But to Laleh Bakhtiar, an Iranian-American Muslim author and translator, this interpretation seemed both illogical and immoral. “As Muslims we are supposed to follow the Prophet Muhammad’s example, and we know that the Prophet never hit anybody,” so how could the Qur’an be saying it is okay? Bakhtiar told RBL, noting that when the Prophet Muhammad was upset with any of his multiple wives, he withdrew from them for some weeks rather than beat them.When Bakhtiar, in the midst of what became a seven-year project to translate the Qur’an into English, came across an alternative translation for the word in question that meant “to go away from,” instead of “to beat lightly,” it made perfect sense to her, she said.
Her new translation of the holy text, The Sublime Quran, is out this month from the Chicago-based Kazi Publications and is the first by an American Muslim woman; U.K.-based Madinah Press published the 1999 Noble Qur’an, which was translated by Englishwoman Aisha Bewley and her husband.
So far her translation has stirred mostly controversy, with Arabic grammarians challenging her translation of the verse and rank-and-file Muslims in the blogosphere criticizing the fact that Bakhtiar doesn’t speak modern Arabic.
Bakhtiar said she hopes her translation will elevate the image of the Prophet Muhammad around the world. “Why can the Danish feel they can make fun of him? Because we’re allowing behavior that is immoral and then expecting everyone to respect our Prophet. It doesn’t work that way. It has to start with us: we have to morally heal ourselves first.”
Previous articles in Religion BookLine on Laleh Bakhtiar:
“New Qur’an Translation by American Woman Will Be a First,” by Marcia Z. Nelson, Religion BookLine, June 21, 2006
“A Bridge Between Two Cultures,” Religion BookLine, May, 1996
Other Coverage of Laleh Bakhtiar’s new translation:
“Translating Quran for today,” (op-ed) by Laleh Bakhtiar, The Chicago Tribune, April 15, 2007
“A new look at a holy text,” by Noreen Ahmed-Ullah, The Chicago Tribune, April 10, 2007
“Verse in Koran on beating wife gets a new translation,” by Neil MacFarquhar, International Herald Tribune, March 25, 2007
“Saved by Bakhtiar,” (blog posting: critique of Neil MacFarquhar article) by Muslim blogger Sunni Sister, March 25, 2007
“When Every Word Counts,” (commentary) by Hesham Hassaballa, Beliefnet.com, undated
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Comment by whoelarth on 25 April 2007:
What kind of religion/ideology is it that subjects women to veils, “beating lightly,” sexual banishment, genital mutilation (95% of Egyptian women are-NYT), etc. Why can’t husband and wife discuss their differences instead of being banished from the harem, or emotionally violated! Why must women be physically and emotionally tormented and subjected to rape or murder via stoning for their conduct or expressing their free will to marry a person of their choice viz. Jordan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and even Turkey.
I find all religion unnecessary superstition, especially what we now know about evolutionary biology, that we are just one species among others: that we share 95% of our the DNA with rats, 98% with chimps, etc. Do rats or chimps have a Christ or God or a prophet who leads them to heaven. We need to ask a very substantial question: Do we really need a Messiah, or a prophet to guide us toward a moral existence? Recent studies done on other animals suggest that they already possess certain moral and altruistic tendencies, which guide their daily lives and social intercourse.
So, I say shed this remaining vestige of illiberalism and unnecessary baggage called religion, come out in the open, and Live!
Comment by Andrea Useem on 26 April 2007:
Dear Whoelarth,
Thanks for your comments. I know many people share your sentiment that religion is unnecessary and can be counter-productive. That said, many others feel that religion is extremely important to their lives and would never abandon it. Ms. Baktiar’s translation of the verse previously interpreted as endorsing some form of physical reprimand may be important to those who strive to live according to their scripture of choice.
Yours,
Andrea Useem
Comment by Salman on 10 May 2007:
Ms. Baktiar is not the first Muslim thinker to reinterpret the verse in question as meaning “to temporarily leave” or “go away from.” Kuwaiti Islamic scholar, Tariq Suwaidan, declared this reinterpretation to be in the true spirit of the Quran and Prophet 3 years ago at an Islamic conference in Toronto (Reviving The Islamic Spirit) to an audience of 15,000 and in the presence of esteemed scholars from around the world. It caused little controversy at the time and provoked if anything a serious re-analysis of Quranic exegesis. Unlike Ms. Bakhtiar, critics cannot accuse Mr. Suwaidan of failing to comprehend the Arabic lexicon.
I think Ms. Bakhtiar’s publication should be taken seriously.
Comment by UmmZaid on 22 May 2007:
Hi.
This idea that “dharaba” means “to strike out” (as if on a journey) has been around for ages — including before our respected Tariq Suweidan mentioned it in Canada. But Bakhtiar’s translation, as it has been reported on, has two major problems that people are unwilling to address:
(1) She is not proficient in Arabic, period. Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Pickthall were. Bakhtiar has claimed in the media that we (Mozlems) accept Ali and Pickthall because they were men. Nonsense. It’s because they knew Arabic. In addition, most people I know have not taken issue with Aisha Bewley’s (Ustadha Aisha being a well known and well respected translator of classical texts for the last 30 years) nor with an earlier translation by an Egyptian woman simply because of their gender. For her to play this ridiculous gender card against Muslims who object to her — and that group includes *many* women — is harmful and insulting (meaning, it’s bad enough non-Muslims play this game with us; do we really need it from another Muslim, when our truth and our reality is much more complex and subtle than “She’s a woman. Woman bad. Ooga.”).
(2) There is a difference between translation and tafsir and I think what she’s done is tafsir (not just here but in other verses, although we’re all focusing on this one so heavily). She is not qualified, by a long shot, to do tafsir. And Yusuf ‘Ali has received the **same** criticism over the decades for doing the *same* thing.
Comment by UmmZaid on 22 May 2007:
PS: I’m sorry I took up so much space.
Comment by Andrea Useem on 22 May 2007:
Dear Umm Zaid,
Thanks for the comment congrats on your successful blog, http://www.SunniSisters.com.
You might be interested in reading a three-way interview I did with Laleh Bakhtiar, Hadia Mubarak and Bonita McGee for Beliefnet. (The interview should be posted in June — I’ll forward you the link.)
Some Muslims see a value in Bakhtiar’s translation in helping Muslim women out of the “crisis of faith” they sometimes experience when they are victims of domestic violence.
I’ll look forward to your feedback on that conversation.
Andrea
Comment by Yahya Yuhanna on 12 June 2007:
A more important word to interpret in this verse is “nushuz”, which has been incompletely translated as disobedience. When this word is examined in the totality of Quran, it can be seen that nushuz, here, refers to acts of sexual unfaithfulness . If the husband “fears” nushuz, which implies that he does not have any proof of adultery (whose punishment is 100 stripes), a three-staged approach is suggested to deal with this disturbing situation. If one can understand 100 stripes as a punishment of adultery, I do not understand why one would have a problem with beating in this verse. If the wife fears nushuz, the appropriate action to take is explained in 4:128. Bottomline: there is no need to take an apologetic stance in this verse if you interpret nushuz correctly.
Pingback by Women’s Issues Make Zaid Shakir Look Away : Religion Writer.com on 22 June 2007:
[...] was curious to see if Shakir would mention a recent translation of that verse by an American Muslim woman, which rendered the word formerly translated as to “beat them” to read “go away [...]
Comment by Michael Vicente Perez on 22 July 2007:
There’s an interesting point here that perhaps has to be acknowledged. In some critiques of Bakhtiar’s analysis, there is a question about her credentials. This critique is applied in many cases across the spectrum of Islamic topics. While credentials matter, however, we would do well to explore exactly what credentials warrant authoritative perspectives. Is it Arabic proficiency that grants her authority? If that’s the case, then we might say that her book presents a challenge to the seemingly ignored alternative views of Ali and Pickthall’s translation. Is it not a valid question to examine why or how it is that alternative readings of this verse were ignored? I find that, far too often, Islamic reactionaries hide behind the mystique of credentials in order to protect old views and preserve the status quo. In a sense, then, what Baktiar’s book may be doing is raising a question about the position of scholars and how they generate particular forms of knowledge that ought be questioned. In addition, there is a valid tradition of knowledge that Bakhtiar’s critique draws on, namely feminist standpoint epistemology. This isn’t limited to feminist studies, of course, but has at its source the legitimate, philosophical question of who produces knowledge and from what position. “Men” are not simply a biological phenomenon. We are a grounded, situated political and social category who write and interpret from that precise location. Bakhtiar’s book is raising a question about Ali and Pickthall’s location as men of their time. That, to me, is a valid critique.
Pingback by The Optimistic Muslim: David Liepert and the “Faith of Life” Network : ReligionWriter.com on 2 May 2008:
[...] aspects of Muslim practice I found noxious, particularly the treatment of women. There’s an ayat [verse] that seems to allow men to beat their wives. And then there is the verse about killing enemies wherever you find them. But when I looked at [...]
Comment by Salam on 1 July 2008:
I’m sorry if my comment may sound extreme, but this is a clear lack of understanding of the nature of Islam and the Quran.
The Quran, unlike the Bible and other books, was explained by Prophet Muhammad himself, and this explanation has been preserved in the Books of Sunnah, which have been preserved the same way as the Quran. Thus, no one has the right to come and interpret the Quran as they like, moreover change the meaning of texts according to what they see as morally correct or incorrect. If this were the case, the Quran and Islam would be left to be changed and altered according to time, culture and commentator.
The Quran is interpreted according to how the Prophet interpreted it, and to say that a word has more than one meaning, and to assert any one of those meanings without any evidence is clear falsehood. In any language, a word has more than one meaning. The meaning you give to a word depends on many factors, some of them being context, and also usage. We don’t take a meaning that is rarely used and attribute that meaning to it unless there be a reason to do so. Again, in Islam, the meanings we assign to words are directly taken from Prophet Muhammad. If there are certain things about which cleat meanings have not been explicitly mentioned by the Prophet or his disciples, then the meaning which is assigned to the word is the most common and understood meaning, and not something vague and rare pulled up from the pages of literature. For example, the phrase “hit them” should not be understood to mean “meet with them” (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=h&p=8).
Lelah has only changed the meaning according to what she has a problem with in Islam, going against clear statements of the Prophet and his disciples about the matter. Instead of trying to change something she does not like in Islam, why not just leave the faith?
Comment by Noor Karim on 11 July 2008:
Firstly it is a misconception that the Prophet Muhammad was sent to interpret the Quran. He is sent to deliver it and of course he would have been the best person to understand the Quran in that era. However the Quran clearly states that it is God that teaches it to mankind and therefore we should trust in God and not be shackled by interpretations made centuries ago. The Quran is a book applicable to all times and places and therefore it would not be logical to have fixed interpretations when society changes and evolves.
As for the interpretation of this verse:
[4.34] Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High, Great.
It is clear that is verse talks about men being a degree above women in terms of their “financial responsibility”. Therefore it would make logical sense that if the marriage was not working (due to problems caused by the woman) the man has a right to warn, then refuse to share intimacy and finally it makes logical sense to withdraw one’s financial support. Does the word in arabic not translate as beat/separate/strike/withdraw?
It is logical not to assume the word should be translated as beat because the Quran does not support abuse in any form.
To assume that the word supports the fact that it is a punishment for fear of adultery against the woman. It is not logical to make this judgement as there is already a criteria for witnessing and punishing in the Quran. It would be illogical for a man to have permission to beat his wife in this instance as a man could wrongly accuse his wife and hence use this to abuse an innocent person.
The Quran is just and not full of contradictions. Therefore if justifications contradict the essence of the Quran one should reject them.
Comment by Salam on 12 July 2008:
Noor Karim
Learn your religion before you comment.
Pingback by What the Heck Is the Emerging Church? A “Velvet Elvis” Answer : ReligionWriter.com on 16 July 2008:
[...] when considering the way certain verses lend themselves to unpleasant interpretation (such as the verse that’s been used to justify husbands hitting their wives.) Couldn’t God in his omniscience come up with a way of communicating that was less open to [...]
Comment by Nikhat on 24 September 2008:
This verse is incorrectly translated - more on this (below) and other aspects of women’s rights in marriage have been written on by David Liepert, MD, Founding Director of Faith of Life Network in Toronto, in the magazine’s April 2008 issue available at: http://www.faithoflife.net/media/magazine/VOL01ISS02_APR08/. Pages 10-13.
David writes on the following verse: “Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more strength than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient (to Allah) and guard in (the husband’s) absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (next) refuse to share their beds, and last DZARABA (”waidriboohunna”), but if they return to obedience, seek not against them means (of annoyance): For Allah is Most High, Great above you all.” (Yusuf Ali Translation)
He says:
Arabic is a profoundly complex language. It would be pretentious to assume that some of its most complicated words can be accurately translated by one or two English ones. ‘Dzaraba” is a good example; it means ‘Beat’, ‘Strike’, ‘Smite’, ‘Heal’, ‘Take a new path’ and ‘Explore a new Direction’. Beyond the confining, conventional translation of ’strike’, “Dzaraba” is a complex verb that is used to describe purposeful action. Therefore, actions impelled by the verb ‘Dzaraba’ must fulfill the condition, “Do what you do for the sake of a greater purpose than the action itself.”
When you “Dzaraba” a piece of metal, you might make a coin. When you “Dzaraba” the land, you may cut a new path across it. When a Muslim man chooses to “Dzaraba” his wife for the sake of his marriage, it’s an eternal reminder that Allah expects him to do it in the service of Allah and his marriage, not to alleviate his own anger and pain, or to validate his ego. ‘Dzaraba’ in this context may mean to beat, or it may mean to find another path. It may mean strike a faithless wife out of your life, or it may mean heal the relationship in some other way. There are some early scholars who have likened interpretation of ’striking’ to that with a Miswak (an early toothbrush) which in essence would be painless and probably more humiliating for the husband than the wife, thereby encouraging him to find acceptable resolution elsewhere. The Sunnah (Prophetic tradition) however is clear: Muhammad (Peace be upon him) never beat his wives.
Whatever ‘Dzaraba’ means, Muslim men and women know that God is watching and He is All-Knowing and All-Seeing.
Comment by bzb on 14 October 2008:
This idea was not from Laleh Bakhtiar and is a total plagiarism. This new translation was originally presented by Ayatullah Musavi Lari, a renown scholar living in Iran. So before anything else, Laleh Bakhtiar is committing an immoral act herself and presenting someone else’s idea as her own!!!!!!
Comment by Maryam on 20 October 2008:
I just hope that she is just not following her Nafs (desire). I am a woman, I would rather not get bit lightly, but if Allah says do it, then hey, who am I to say no. So, we would need a lot a proof to know if she is just following her desire to translate the Qu’ran the wrong way, or if she is right. I am just going to say, ALLAHUALUM. (ALLAH KNOWS BEST. Just be careful with what we do sometimes. It might lead us to the Hell fire.